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THE TOWN OF PULLMAN. "The Pullman car solved the problem of long,con tiouous, railway journeys, and the town of Pullman, along new lines, gives a hope of bettering the rela tions of capital and labor. The issue of this last is a question of the future, but it is at least a legitimate subject ofspeculation, whether what the car wroughtThe Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law.It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland.The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight andCollection of important facts concerning the Pullman Strike, a widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwestern United States in May-July 1894.The federal government's response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike.Which statement about the Pullman strike is true? The Pullman strike ended quickly because of negotiations by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union. The Pullman strike helped unions gain national support and led to legal protections for unions. The Pullman Company averted bankruptcy by refusing to give in to the demands of workers.The Pullman Strike (May-July 1894) was a widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the U.S. Midwest in June-July 1894. Responding to layoffs, wage cuts, and firings, workers at Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago went on strike, and, eventually, some 125,000-250,000 railroad workers in 27 states joined their cause, stifling the national rail network west of

Pullman Strike - Wikipedia

Which statement about the Pullman strike is true? The Pullman strike ended quickly because of negotiations by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union. The Pullman strike helped unions gain national support and led to legal protections for unions. The Pullman Company averted bankruptcy by refusing to give in to the demands of workers.Pullman Strike Central Historical Question: States has begun to feel the and the same is practically true of paralysis of the American Railway other roads. In no case, however, Union's boycott of Pullman. At did the strikers prevent the President Debs then told the men Eugene V. Debs's statements wereWhich statement about the pullman strike is true 2 See answers edwin555 edwin555 Pullman strike occurred in 1873 as a result of economic depression due to increased working hours, reduced wages and jobs. The workers belonged to American Railroad Union (ARU) founded by Eugene V. Debs.Pullman Strike - In the late 1800's, labor unions rose to prominence due to harsh and unfair working conditions and low wages for factory workers and others. Unions provided a way for a large group of people to approach the employers by means of a representative who could bargain for better pay or shorter hours for all the employees. >Beginning in 1929, a young businessman named George Pullman

Pullman Strike Key Facts | Britannica

2.) Which statement about the power of labor unions is true? A. The American public overwhelmingly supported the cause of labor unions. B. A union could shut down a factory by calling on its members to strike. C. Business leaders feared unions and almost always gave in to their demands. D. U.S. courts regularly sided with unions in their disputes with factory owners.D. All of these statements were true of late 19th century immigrants. E. They usually had little or no understanding of American culture The Pullman Strike failed because Answer A. the company owner George Pullman simply rehired the men he had fired before the breakout of the strike. B. workers lacked conviction for their cause.Statement from the Pullman Strikers (June 15, 1894) In the 1880s, George Pullman built the company town of Pullman, outside of Chicago. He slashed his workers' wages, forced them to pay high rents for the dwellings he owned, and controlled every aspect of their lives, treating them like serfs on a feudal estate.Pullman Strike: The Pullman Strike of 1894 was one of the most influential events in the history of U.S. labor. What began as a walkout by railroad workers in the company town of Pullman, Illinois, escalated into the country's first national strike. The events surrounding the strike catapulted several leaders to prominence and brought nationalFavorite Answer C is not true. The Pullman company brought in paid thugs who brutally attacked strikers, wounding many and even killing some.

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Pullman StrikeStriking railroad staff confront Illinois National Guard troops in Chicago right through the strike.DateMay 11, 1894 – July 20, 1894LocationStarted in Pullman, Chicago; spread all through the United StatesTargetsUnion popularity Wage increase Rent reductionMethodsStrikes, Protest, DemonstrationsResulted inUnsuccessfulParties to the civil war American Railway Union; Railroad workers Pullman Company; General Managers' Assoc; US National Guard Lead figuresEugene V. Debs George Pullman;Grover Cleveland Number 250,000 12,000 Casualties and losses Deaths: 30Injuries: 57Arrests: Deaths: Injuries: vteLabor disputes by way of sector vteAgricultural strikes 1800sThibodaux sugar 1887 Cotton pickers 18911900s–1920sOxnard 1903 Seattle fishermen 1912 Grabow lumber 1912 Wheatland hops 1913 Hanapepe sugar 1924 Imperial cantaloupe 19281930sImperial lettuce 1930 Santa Clara cannery 1931 Vacaville tree pruners 1932 Wisconsin milk 1933 Yakima hops 1933 California agricultural (Santa Clara cherry, El Monte berry) 1933 Great lumber 1935 Stockton cannery 19371940s–presentHawaiian sugar 1946 Puget Sound fishermen 1949Delano grape (1965–1970) Salad Bowl 1970 vteCoal moves 1870s – 1900sMahoning Valley strike Morewood massacre Coal Creek War Bituminous coal strike Lattimer bloodbath Illinois coal wars (Battle of Virden, Pana massacre, Carterville Mine Riot) Anthracite coal strike Carbon county strike1910sWestmoreland strike Paint Creek mine struggle Colorado Coalfield War (Ludlow Massacre, The 10-Day War) Hartford coal mine riot1920s – Nineteen ThirtiesWest Virginia coal wars (Battle of Matewan, Battle of Blair Mountain) Alabama miners' strike Herrin Massacre Indiana bituminous strike Columbine bloodbath Harlan County War (Battle of Evarts) vteMetal mining moves 1800sUpper Peninsula 1865Coeur d'Alene 1892 Cripple Creek 1894Leadville 1896–97 Coeur d'Alene 18991900s–TwentiesColorado Labor Wars (Idaho Springs) 1903–04 Cananea 1906 Goldfield 1906–07 Copper Country 1913–14 Bisbee 1917 Anaconda Road 19201930s–1970sEmpire Zinc 1950 vteSteel moves 1800s–TwentiesHomestead 1892U.S. Steel reputation 1901 Pressed Steel Car 1909Great Steel 19191930s–1970sLittle Steel (Memorial Day massacre) 1937National 1952 National 19591980s–2000sUSX 1986 vteTextile strikes 1800sMill Women 1834 Paterson 1835 Mill Women 1836 New England shoe 1860 North Adams shoe 18701900s–1920sSkowhegan 1907 New York shirtwaist 1909 Chicago garment 1910 Lawrence 1912 Paterson silk 1913Passaic 1926 New Bedford 1928 Loray Mill 19291930s–1970sLos Angeles garment 1933 National 1934 Lewiston-Auburn shoe 1937 Montreal Cotton 19461980s–2000sNYC Chinatown 1982 vteTransport moves 1800sGreat Railroad Strike 1877Camp Dump 1882 Great Southwest 1886 Burlington 1888 Buffalo switchmen 1892 New Orleans waterfront 1892 Pullman strike 18941900s–TwentiesChicago teamsters 1905 New Orleans Levee 1907 Illinois Central shopmen 1911 Seattle waterfront 1919 Portland waterfront 1922 Railway shopmen 19221930s–SeventiesWest Coast waterfront 1934 Minneapolis teamsters 1934 Gulf Coast maritime 1936 NYC tugboat 1946 USPS 1970 Longshoremen 19711980s–2000sPatco (air site visitors controllers) 1981UPS 1997 vteManufacturing strikes 1800s–1920sCigars 1877 Standard Oil 19151930s–1970sCigars 1931 Auto-Lite 1934 Kohler 1934 Flint sit-down 1936 Akron rubber 1936 Remington 1936 Ford 1937 Chrysler Auto 1939 General Motors 1939 United Auto Workers 1945 Boeing 1948 Kohler 1954International Harvester 19791980s–2000sTodd Shipyards 1983 International Paper 1987 General Motors 2007 Boeing 2008Oil refineries 2015 Kohler 2015 vteTransit movesStreetcar strikes St. Louis 1900 Los Angeles 1903 San Francisco 1907 Pensacola 1908 Columbus 1910 Philadelphia 1910 Indianapolis 1913 St. John 1914 Atlanta 1916 Portland 1916 Los Angeles 1919 Denver 19201930s–SeventiesCentury Airlines 1932 Philadelphia 1944Atlanta 19501980s–2010sGreyhound 1983 Lyft and Uber 2019 vteService strikesin the United States 1800s–TwentiesNewsboys 1899 NYC waiters 1912Actors 1919 Boston police 19191930s–Nineteen SeventiesSeattle Post 1936 NYC retail 1937 Disney animators 1941 Musicians 1942 Hollywood 1945 Writers Guild 1960 Cleveland conference 1963 St. John's 1966 Memphis sanitation 1968 St. Petersburg sanitation 1968 NYC teachers 1968 Charleston clinic 1969Baltimore municipal (police) 19741980s–2000sWriters Guild 1981 Writers Guild 1988 SF newspaper 1994 Detroit newspaper 1995 Verizon 2000 Broadway musicians 2003 CA supermarkets 2003 UM Janitors 2006 Umpires 2006 Hayward teachers 2007 Writers Guild 2007 Stagehands 2007 CBS News 20072010sGovernment (Wisconsin) 2011 Fight for 2012–2019 Tacoma nurses 2014 Verizon 2016 Video games 2016 Teachers (AZ, CO, LA, NC, OK, WV) 2018–2019 Hotels 2018 Stop & Shop 20192020sEssential employees 2020 New Orleans sanitation 2020 vteGeneral strikes 1800sPhiladelphia 1835St. Louis 1877 Scranton 1877First May Day (Haymarket Affair) 1886New Orleans 18921900sPhiladelphia 1910Seattle 1919 Winnipeg 1919San Francisco 1934 Minneapolis 1934Oakland 1946 vteTransport strikes 1800sGreat Railroad Strike 1877Camp Dump 1882 Great Southwest 1886 Burlington 1888 Buffalo switchmen 1892 New Orleans waterfront 1892 Pullman strike 18941900s–Nineteen TwentiesChicago teamsters 1905 New Orleans Levee 1907 Illinois Central shopmen 1911 Seattle waterfront 1919 Portland waterfront 1922 Railway shopmen 19221930s–Nineteen SeventiesWest Coast waterfront 1934 Minneapolis teamsters 1934 Gulf Coast maritime 1936 NYC tugboat 1946 USPS 1970 Longshoremen 19711980s–2000sPatco (air site visitors controllers) 1981UPS 1997

The Pullman Strike used to be a national railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US hard work regulation. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the primary railroads, and the federal executive of the United States below President Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott close down a lot of the country's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The warfare began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when just about 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company started a wildcat strike in accordance with contemporary reductions in wages. Most of the factory workers who built Pullman vehicles lived in the "company town" of Pullman on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, designed as a style neighborhood by its namesake founder George Pullman.[1]

When his company laid off staff and reduced wages, it did not scale back rents, and the staff known as for a strike. Among the causes for the strike were the absence of democracy inside the town of Pullman and its politics, the rigid paternalistic control of the employees by means of the corporate, over the top water and gas rates, and a refusal by way of the corporate to permit workers to shop for and own homes.[2] They had not yet formed a union.[1] Founded in 1893 through Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was a company of railroad workers. Debs introduced in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up a lot of the disgruntled factory employees.[1] When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations, ARU referred to as a strike in opposition to the manufacturing facility, however it confirmed no signal of good fortune. To win the strike, Debs decided to prevent the movement of Pullman automobiles on railroads. The over-the-rail Pullman employees (comparable to conductors and porters) did not move on strike.[1]

Debs and the ARU referred to as a massive boycott towards all trains that carried a Pullman car. It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its top involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states.[3] The railroad brotherhoods and the American Federation of Labor (AFL) adverse the boycott, and the General Managers' Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition.

Thirty people have been killed in riots and sabotage caused $Eighty million in damages.[4][5]

The federal govt received an injunction towards the union, Debs, and other boycott leaders, ordering them to forestall interfering with trains that carried mail vehicles. After the strikers refused, President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains. Violence broke out in lots of towns, and the strike collapsed. Defended by a workforce together with Clarence Darrow, Debs was convicted of violating a courtroom order and sentenced to jail; the ARU then dissolved.

Background

The condition of laboring guy at Pullman. The employee is being squeezed through Pullman between top rent and low wages, July 7, 1894.

During a severe recession (the Panic of 1893), the Pullman Palace Car Company lower wages as call for for brand spanking new passenger vehicles plummeted and the company's earnings dropped. A delegation of workers complained that wages have been reduce but no longer rents at their company housing or other costs in the corporate town. The corporate owner, George Pullman, refused to decrease rents or cross to arbitration.[6]

Boycott

The American Railway Union escalated the Pullman strike beginning with the blockade of the Grand Crossing in Chicago throughout the night time of June 26, 1894.

Many of the Pullman factory employees joined the American Railway Union (ARU), led via Eugene V. Debs, which supported their strike via launching a boycott in which ARU contributors refused to run trains containing Pullman automobiles. At the time of the strike roughly 35% of Pullman employees had been individuals of the ARU.[3] The plan used to be to power the railroads to deliver Pullman to compromise. Debs started the boycott on June 26, 1894. Within 4 days, 125,000 employees on twenty-nine railroads had "walked off" the job reasonably than take care of Pullman automobiles.[7] The railroads coordinated their response via the General Managers' Association, which have been formed in 1886 and incorporated 24 traces linked to Chicago.[8][9] The railroads started hiring substitute employees (strikebreakers), which higher hostilities. Many blacks were recruited as strikebreakers and crossed picket strains, as they feared that the racism expressed by means of the American Railway Union would lock them out of every other labor marketplace. This added racial stress to the union's predicament.[10]

On June 29, 1894, Debs hosted a calm meeting to rally fortify for the strike from railroad employees at Blue Island, Illinois. Afterward, teams inside the crowd turned into enraged and set fire to close by buildings and derailed a locomotive.[8] Elsewhere in the western states, sympathy strikers prevented transportation of products by way of strolling off the activity, obstructing railroad tracks, or threatening and attacking strikebreakers. This greater national attention and the call for for federal action.

Federal intervention

Violence erupted on July 7, 1894, with loads of boxcars and coal automobiles looted and burned. State and federal troops violently attacked putting staff, as this study by Frederic Remington illustrates.

Under route from President Grover Cleveland, the US Attorney General Richard Olney dealt with the strike. Olney have been a railroad legal professional, and nonetheless won a ,000 retainer from the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, compared to his ,000 salary as Attorney General.[11] Olney obtained an injunction in federal courtroom barring union leaders from supporting the strike and significant that the strikers stop their actions or face being fired. Debs and different leaders of the ARU omitted the injunction, and federal troops had been called as much as implement it.[12] While Debs were reluctant to start the strike, he threw his energies into organizing it. He referred to as a basic strike of all union members in Chicago, but this was adversarial through Samuel Gompers, head of the AFL, and different established unions, and it failed.[13]

City by city the federal forces broke the ARU efforts to shut down the national transportation machine. Thousands of United States Marshals and some 12,000 United States Army troops, commanded by Brigadier General Nelson Miles, took motion. President Cleveland claimed that he wanted the trains shifting again in response to his felony, constitutional duty for the mail; however getting the trains transferring once more would additionally support his broader fiscally conservative economic interests and would give protection to capital, a subject arguably more motivating to justify the violent army intervention than just mail disruption. His attorneys argued that the boycott violated the Sherman Antitrust Act, and represented a threat to public safety. The arrival of the army and the subsequent deaths of employees in violence resulted in further outbreaks of violence. During the course of the strike, 30 strikers had been killed and 57 were wounded. Property damage exceeded million.[4][5][14]

Local responses

Depiction of Illinois National Guardsmen firing at hanging staff on July 7, 1894, the day of greatest violence.

The strike affected masses of towns and towns across the nation. Railroad staff had been divided, for the outdated established Brotherhoods, which integrated the professional workers comparable to engineers, firemen and conductors, didn't toughen the labor motion. ARU contributors did enhance the action, and incessantly comprised unskilled ground crews.[15] In many spaces townspeople and businessmen most often supported the railroads whilst farmers—many affiliated with the Populists—supported the ARU.

In Billings, Montana, an important rail middle, a local Methodist minister, J. W. Jennings, supported the ARU. In a sermon he when compared the Pullman boycott to the Boston Tea Party, and attacked Montana state officers and President Cleveland for forsaking "the faith of the Jacksonian fathers."[16] Rather than defending "the rights of the people against aggression and oppressive corporations," he stated birthday party leaders were "the pliant tools of the codfish monied aristocracy who seek to dominate this country."[16] Billings remained quiet however on July 10, soldiers reached Lockwood, Montana, a small rail middle, the place the troop educate used to be surrounded by means of masses of indignant strikers. Narrowly avoiding violence, the army opened the strains thru Montana. When the strike ended, the railroads fired and blacklisted all the employees who had supported it.[16]

In California the boycott was once effective in Sacramento, a exertions stronghold, however susceptible in the Bay Area and minimal in Los Angeles. The strike lingered as strikers expressed longstanding grievances over salary discounts, and point out how unpopular the Southern Pacific Railroad was once. Strikers engaged in violence and sabotage; the companies saw it as civil war while the ARU proclaimed it was once a campaign for the rights of unskilled staff.[17]

Public opinion

American Railway Union President Eugene V. Debs used to be pilloried in the press for the disruption of meals distribution and passenger visitors related to the 1894 Pullman Strike.

Public opinion was most commonly adversarial to the strike and supported Cleveland's movements.[18] Republicans and japanese Democrats supported Cleveland (the leader of the northeastern pro-business wing of the celebration), but southern and western Democrats as well as Populists typically denounced him. Chicago Mayor John Hopkins supported the strikers and stopped the Chicago Police from interfering prior to the strike became violent.[19] Governor John Peter Altgeld of Illinois, a Democrat, denounced Cleveland and stated he could take care of all disturbances in his state without federal intervention.[20]

Media protection was intensive and in most cases unfavourable. A commonplace trope in news reports and editorials depicted the boycotters as foreigners who contested the patriotism expressed by means of the militias and troops concerned, as a large number of contemporary immigrants worked in the factories and on the railroads. The editors warned of mobs, extraterrestrial beings, anarchy, and defiance of the regulation.[21] The New York Times known as it "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital."[22] In Chicago the established church leaders denounced the boycott, however some more youthful Protestant ministers defended it.[23]

Aftermath

Debs was once arrested on federal fees, together with conspiracy to impede the mail as well as disobeying an order directed to him by means of the Supreme Court to forestall the obstruction of railways and to dissolve the boycott. He was once defended by means of Clarence Darrow, a prominent legal professional, as well as Lyman Trumbull. At the conspiracy trial Darrow argued that it was the railways, not Debs and his union, that met in secret and conspired in opposition to their combatants. Sensing that Debs could be acquitted, the prosecution dropped the charge when a juror took ill. Although Darrow additionally represented Debs at the United States Supreme Court for violating the federal injunction, Debs was sentenced to 6 months in prison.[24]

Early in 1895, General Graham erected a memorial obelisk in the San Francisco National Cemetery at the Presidio in honor of 4 infantrymen of the fifth Artillery killed in a Sacramento teach crash of July 11, 1894, right through the strike. The train wrecked crossing a trestle bridge purportedly dynamited by union contributors.[25] Graham's monument integrated the inscription, "Murdered by Strikers", an outline he hotly defended.[26] The obelisk remains in position.

In the aftermath of the Pullman Strike, the state ordered the corporate to dump its residential holdings. In the many years after Pullman died (1897), Pullman changed into just some other South Side neighborhood. It remained the area's biggest employer prior to remaining in the Nineteen Fifties. The space is each a National Historic Landmark as well as a Chicago Landmark District. Because of the importance of the strike, many state companies and non-profit groups are hoping for lots of revivals of the Pullman neighborhoods starting with Pullman Park, one in every of the biggest projects. It was to be a 0 million combined used building on the website of an old steel plant. The plan used to be for 670,000 square toes of new retail area, 125,000 sq. foot neighborhood sport heart and 1,One hundred housing gadgets.[27]

Politics Harper's Weekly classified Eugene Debs and the strike organizers as "The Vanguard of Anarchy", July 21, 1894.

Following his liberate from prison in 1895, ARU President Debs became a dedicated suggest of socialism, serving to in 1897 to launch the Social Democracy of America, a forerunner of the Socialist Party of America. He ran for president in 1900 for the first of five instances as head of the Socialist Party price tag.[28]

Civil in addition to legal charges were brought in opposition to the organizers of the strike and Debs in particular, and the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision, In re Debs, that defied Debs' movements. The Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld was incensed at Cleveland for placing the federal executive at the carrier of the employers, and for rejecting Altgeld's plan to use his state military fairly than federal troops to stay order.[29]

Cleveland's management appointed a national commission to study the reasons of the 1894 strike; it found George Pullman's paternalism partially accountable and described the operations of his corporate the city to be "un-American". In 1898, the Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the the town, as its company constitution did not authorize such operations, and the land was annexed to Chicago.[30] Much of it is now designated as an historic district, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Labor Day

In 1894, so that you could conciliate organized labor after the strike, President Grover Cleveland and Congress designated Labor Day as a federal holiday. Legislation for the holiday was pushed thru Congress six days after the strike ended. Samuel Gompers, who had sided with the federal executive in its effort to finish the strike by way of the American Railway Union, spoke out in choose of the holiday.[31][32]

See additionally

United States exertions legislation History of rail delivery in the United States Murder of employees in exertions disputes in the United States

References

^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"The Pullman Strike and Boycott". Annals of American History. Retrieved January 24, 2014. ^ Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. (2020). "Chapter 20 Dissent, Depression, and War: 1890–1900". The American Promise: A History of the United States (Kindle). Combined Volume (Value Edition, eighth ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Location 15016. ASIN B07X9VQ924. ISBN 978-1319208929. OCLC 1096495503. ^ a b "Pullman Strike | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ^ a b Ginger, Ray (1962). Eugene V. Debs. p. 170. ^ a b Papke, David Ray (1999). The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Landmark regulation circumstances & American society. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-0-7006-0954-3. ^ Joseph C. Bigott (2001). From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Class in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869–1929. U. of Chicago Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780226048758. ^ Richard Schneirov; Shelton Stromquist; Nick Salvatore (1999). The Pullman Strike and Crisis of Eighteen Nineties: Essays on Labor and Politics. U. of Illinois Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780252067556. ^ a b Harvey Wish, "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#3, pp. 288–312 JSTOR 40187904 ^ Donald L. McMurry, "Labor Policies of the General Managers' Association of Chicago, 1886–1894," Journal of Economic History (1953) 13#2 pp. 160–78 JSTOR 2113436 ^ David E. Bernstein, Only One Place of Redress (2001) p. 54 ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the authentic on November 18, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as name (hyperlink) ^ Eric Arnesen (2004). The Human Tradition in American Labor History. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 96. ISBN 9780842029872. Archived from the authentic on April 24, 2016. ^ Salvatore, Debs pp 134–37 ^ John R. Commons; et al. (1918). History of Labour in the United States vol 2. Macmillan. p. 502. Archived from the unique on April 26, 2016. ^ Brendel, Martina (December 1994). "The Pullman Strike". Illinois History: 8. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017 – by means of Illinois Periodicals Online. ^ a b c Carroll Van West, Capitalism on the Frontier: Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century (1993) p 200 ^ William W. Ray, "Crusade or Civil War? The Pullman Strike in California," California History (1979) 58#1 pp 20–37. doi:10.2307/25157886 ^ Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1933) pp. 624–27 ^ Schneirov, Richard. "The Pullman Strike and Boycott". Northern Illinois University Libraries. Retrieved October 16, 2017. ^ H.W. Brands (2002). The Reckless Decade: America in the Eighteen Nineties. U. of Chicago Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780226071169. Archived from the unique on April 27, 2016. ^ Troy Rondinone, "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism during the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2009) 8#1 pp 83–109. JSTOR 40542737 ^ Donald L. Miller (1997). City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. Simon and Schuster. p. 543. ISBN 9780684831381. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. ^ Heath W. Carter, "Scab Ministers, Striking Saints: Christianity and Class Conflict in 1894 Chicago," American Nineteenth Century History (2010) 11#3 pp 321–349 doi:10.1080/14664658.2010.520930 ^ John A. Farrell (2011). Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 69–72. ISBN 9780385534512. Archived from the authentic on May 10, 2016. ^ Leach, Frank A. "The Great Railroad Strike of 1894". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ "General Graham Writes of Treason" (PDF). San Francisco Call by the use of Library of Congress. August 22, 1895. Archived (PDF) from the unique on April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ Historical NY Times ^ "Eugene V. Debs | American social and labour leader". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ^ Peter Zavodnyik (2011). The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. ABC-CLIO. pp. 233–34. ISBN 9780313392948. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. ^ Dennis R. Judd; Paul Kantor (1992). Enduring tensions in urban politics. Macmillan. ISBN 9780023614552. Archived from the authentic on April 25, 2016. ^ "Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996". PBS. September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2011. ^ Bill Haywood, The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood, 1929, p. 78 ppbk.

Sources

Bassett, Johnathan "The Pullman Strike of 1894," OAH Magazine of History, Volume 11, Issue 2, Winter 1997, Pages 34–41, doi:10.1093/maghis/11.2.34 Cleveland, Grover. The Government and the Chicago Strike of 1894 [1904]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1913. DeForest, Walter S. The Periodical Press and the Pullman Strike: An Analysis of the Coverage and Interpretation of the Railroad Strike of 1894 by Eight Journals of Opinion and Reportage MA thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1973. Ginger, Ray. The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene V. Debs. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949. Hirsch, Susan Eleanor. After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003. Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943. Lindsey, Almont. "Paternalism and the Pullman Strike," American Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan., 1939), pp. 272–89 JSTOR 1839019 Nevins, Allan Nevins. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. (1933) pp. 611–28 Papke, David Ray. The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999. Rondinone, Troy. "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2009 8(1): 83–109 27p. Salvatore, Nick. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1984. Schneirov, Richard, et al. (eds.) The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the Eighteen Nineties: Essays on Labor and Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999. Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Winston, A.P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 9, no. 4 (Sept. 1901), pp. 540–61. JSTOR 1819352 Wish, Harvey. "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#Three pp. 288–312 JSTOR 40187904Primary assets United States Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July, 1894. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pullman Strike.Pullman Strike Timeline Chicago Strike The Pullman Strike, Illinois During the Gilded Age 1866–1894, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University LibrariesvteMajor armed conflicts in American labor union history19th century Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Rock Springs bloodbath, 1885 Bay View massacre, 1886 Haymarket affair, 1886 Thibodaux bloodbath, 1887 Morewood massacre, 1891 Cotton pickers strike of 1891 Homestead Strike, 1892 Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892 Pullman Strike, 1894 Streetcar strikes in the United States, 1895–1929 Lattimer bloodbath, 1897 Illinois coal wars, 1898–189920th century Streetcar strikes in the United States, 1895–1929 Colorado Labor Wars, 1903–04 1905 Chicago teamsters' strike Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 Colorado Coalfield War, together with the Ludlow Massacre, 1913–14 Copper Country strike of 1913–14 1920 Alabama coal strike Battle of Matewan, 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain, 1921 Herrin massacre, 1922 Hanapepe bloodbath, 1924 Columbine Mine massacre, 1927 Harlan County War, 1931–32 Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike, 1935 Memorial Day bloodbath of 1937 Hilo bloodbath, 1938 Portal:Organized Labour vteRiots and civil unrest in IllinoisRace riots Pana riot of 1899 Springfield race rise up of 1908 East St. Louis riots of 1917 Chicago race insurrection of 1919 Airport Homes race riots of 1946 Fernwood Park race rise up of 1947 Englewood race riots of 1949 Cicero race rebellion of 1951 Trumbull Park race riots of 1953 Dixmoor race riot of 1964 Cairo racial unrest, 1967-1973 Marquette park racial unrest, Sixties-1980sOther riotsand unrest Banditti of the Prairie, 1830s–1840s Lager Beer Riot, 1855 Charleston rise up, 1864 Haymarket affair, 1886 Pullman Strike, 1894 Battle of Virden, 1898 1905 Chicago Teamsters' strike Aldermen's wars, 1916–1921 Memorial Day massacre of 1937 Division Street riots, 1966 1966 Chicago West Side Riots 1968 Chicago riots Democratic National Convention protest activity, 1968 Days of Rage Weatherman rise up, 1969 Humboldt Park insurrection, 1977 Chicago Bulls riots, Nineteen Nineties 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest Authority keep watch over LCCN: sh85023262 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pullman_Strike&oldid=1016202301"